Software and hardware limiters that mathematically prevent pilots or automated systems from overstressing the airframe.
Flight dynamics state vectors are projected against safety barrier functions. When pilot sidestick inputs approach structural G limits, vortex ring states, or maximum bank limits, the control law smoothly clamps actuator authority.
Steep vertical descents can cause rotors to ingest their own turbulent downwash, resulting in rapid loss of lift. The envelope protection system continuously monitors descent rate versus airspeed, automatically pitching down to exit VRS conditions.